Jominy End Essay

To determine the hardenability of plain carbon steel. Theory Hardenability is the ability of a steel to be hardened and form martensite during quenching. Hardenability indicates the depth of hardness which is obtained from quenching process, and it is very important to the components of machine especially tool steel. One of the methods to determine the hardenability of steels is Jominy End-Quench Test. Hardening usually involves quenching where the steel is heated to austenite phase and fast cooling in the quench medium such as water, oil, salt solution, or air to produce microstructure of martensite. The martensite gives hard and brittle properties of steel. Usually, for heavy steel components, the hardness decreases at the core of component because the microstructure formed is ferrite and pearlite. While at the surface of the component have higher hardness. The difference of the hardness between the core and surface can be explained by Continuous Cooling Transformation or CCT diagram of the steel. If the cooling rate of steel does not cross the transformation curve of the diagram, then the hardness on the whole steel can be obtained. CCT diagrams allow prediction of the final microstructure of the steel taking into account the continuous nature of the process during cooling of austenite. Other than that, CCT diagrams take into consideration continuous cooling during quenching; the cooling curve assumes a constant cooling rate. As we can see from the diagram, martensite form at the temperature below than 200? C, it mean that the specimen with faster cooling rate will able to form more martensite and higher hardness. Continuous Cooling Transformation diagram | | The above diagram show the time-temperature isothermal transformation diagram for the plain carbon steel Apparatus Specimen of plain carbon steel, furnace, Jominy End-Quench Unit, and Vickers Harness Tester. Experimental Procedure (a) Heat the specimen to temperature of 850Â °C and soak at that temperature for 20 minutes. After that, its remain almost constant while the distance increase. In our experiment, there are some test errors where we are having small rise in our reading of the hardenability value which suppose decrease continuously. This is due to the uneven surface of the tested specimen or cause by the unbalanced cooling rate throughout the specimen. (b) Gives your opinion on the correlation between cooling rate of specimen and the graph obtained. The cooling rate at the end of the plain carbon steel are much higher compare to the. Thus, in the graph it shows the highest hardness at the early stage and then slowly decreases when approaching to the core of the steel. We also can say that, at the end of the steel has the highest hardness which cause by the high content of martensite. However, the content of the martensite and hardness will drop when approaching to the centre of the steel. We can conclude that the cooling rate decreases from the end-quench to the centre of the steel, resulting in decreasing of the hardness.

Analysis of “The Author to Her Book”

What is the most useful thing you have learned about the teaching process? What would be your ‘top tips' to others? [Responses from 70 school librarians surveyed by Netskills in 2007] To introduce an element of fun into training. Happy people are more likely to learn plan your activities be flexible – if it doesn't work ditch it try not to do too much in one session review your session and adapt it some classes respond differently to others learners need to be involved and engaged with the learning process 1. Make the skill you are trying to teach relevant to the students at their point of need. . Don't underestimate the power of â€Å"†modelling†Ã¢â‚¬  a process. keep trying – don't give up be strong be assertive stay calm be helpful and work as part of a team It's not as difficult as some teachers make it look! Manageable bites – do not attempt to serve the whole in one ‘IT'. Fairness & honesty – sounds woolly but children spot a phony immediately. Also – we are here to educate not be their next best friend. Consistency – links with the above. Sense of humour! Teaching starts with the learner – they need to be engaged and understand what they are being offered is relevant and useful.Sessions need to be clearly structured in small steps so the learner can succeed and build confidence. Don't try to pack too much into one session – it's much better to cover the information carefully and allow time to recap at the end. Be well prepared Know your subject matter inside out Be able to ad lib if necessary Look at the broader aspects of the Curriculum including assessment. Education is our market so get involved with academic staff and what they do. With young people activities always take much longer to deliver than you expect.You need to be able to make learning available in different ways – some people will respond to a hands on approach – others want everything in hando uts to be able to refer back to – and others want demonstrations. Being flexible and not making people feel unsuccessful if they take a long time to learn something new or need to repeat activities is very important in helping people to learn. – not to try to do / teach too much at any time – that children have different ways of leaning so to make any input as varied as possible.Willingness to learn, make mistakes, review and revise, collaborate well with school staff and sustain motivation and a professional image seem to be very important. That people learn in different ways, and that you need to think about this when presenting materials – sometimes you can present the most important details more than once, using approaches to suit different learning styles (eg in a presentation, in a quiz, and in a handout) Try to forget how you might be teaching and to concentrate on what they are learning. Focus on 1 thing at a time, just because you don't get them for long, don't try to cram in everything possible.Have your 2/3 learning objectives spelled out at beginning (tell them what they are going to learn, teach it and then check understanding) Make sure that the information is accurate and appropriate to the level of the learner Try to make it as multi-sensory as possible to stop them getting bored – keep it short and useful Give handouts to assist further development Always check your timing is realistic and plan the lesson well Be aware of different styles of learning. Use the same structure for planning lessons as the teaching staff. Have a plan B in case of IT failure, over/underrunning time.Make it as relevant as you can, spend as much time as possible with the students so you know exactly what they are trying to research and what their strengths and weaknesses are. Try to meet as many learning styles as you can. Observe and learn from teachers in the classroom and follow same strategies and techniques e. g Starter activiti es Main body Clear aims and objectives Plenary Take account of different learning styles Mindmapping Differentiated work Listen. Don't expect everyone to understand first time. Pace yourself Change the way you present information eg practical, etcThe different ways in which children learn and the necessity to pitch lessons across a range of abilities. To listen and respond positively, encouraging rather than demoralising. Different people learn in different ways. Include a variety of strategies in each lesson. Make the content relevant to the context. Plan what you're going to do but be flexible enough to go with the flow. You need to understand your audience. Keep it SMARTER make it fun! Develop your own style of presentation and learn behaviour management â€Å"Remember that the members of any class will have a mixture of preferred learning styles-make sure there is variety.Do not be too dominated by your own preferred style Be well prepared, lack of organisation will show Have m ore material than you need: make sure there are extension activities available Make sure your audience think you are prepared to listen to them as well as teach them I used to be very concerned not to appear to patronise HE students and at first, tended to expect too much from them-then I discovered that actually they respond well to simple presentations with graphics etc, So, my advice would be: ‘Pitch your lesson to be simple and accessible, then differentiate the assessment challenge to the level(s) of ability/student expectation'.This works in school just as it did in HE Skills that have proved most useful have been to vary pace and delivery style. I would offer these ideas as top tips: Use the three part lesson – a clear opening giving objectives, body of what you want to convey and then a plenary to ensure the main points have been absorbed. Vary your delivery method and types of support material to address the different learning styles. Encourage student question ing at higher levels to improve their learning processes. Allow peer teaching to take place between the students – great way to cascade new knowledge.Use student evaluation to improve the lessons. Ask teachers for advice on planning activities, try and get to meetings on secondary strategy, etc Be flexible – what works with one class may not work with another. It is a waste of time telling students what they don't need to know at that time. You need to consider the different ways in which people learn and structure your teaching accordingly in order to ensure that as many people as possible benefit from your session. Students need to ‘have a go' themselves to make learning more relevant. Teaching is a two way process. planning is key ind out what students know beforehand/build on prior knowledge connect the learning cater for variety of learning styles focus on process as much if not more than content develop learner attributes allow time for practice/reflection on learning teach skills in relevant context offer extension activities for G and differentiate carefully for individual learning needs look confident even if you're not! You never stop learning. More teachers should know this, but they don't. Be aware of the level of work involved in teaching, especially creating classwork and assessment. Aim low – whoever you are teaching. Keep calmBe well prepared Keep it simple Try out any worksheets yourself to make sure they can be completed in the time available. Have extension activities ready for the more able who will finish early. Keep instructions/worksheets simple – too much text is a turn-off. Be aware of different learning styles – you'll naturally write things to suit your own style but not everyone learns the way you do! † Listen. Be well prepared. Continually assess if the pupils are understanding as you deliver the lesson. Preparation of materials [sometimes differentiated] is key and the willingness to be flexible and adapt materials as necessary.Be aware of your timing Match the activity/material(s) to the ability/age of the students† Keep it informal and use their individual interests to garner enthusiasm Different presentation styles for different audiences Don't talk too much Active participation of audience Know your audience's ability – don't use jargon they can't understand, don't patronise Think about different styles of presenting information – don't overuse PowerPoint. Be prepared to repeat yourself and back up the information you give in many different formats and on many occasions.Be passionate about what you are doing – students soon pick up if you are bored with the subject yourself. Be prepared to adapt to change within your organisation. Keep an open mind and be prepared to adapt the ways you can teach library inductions, information literacy and support whole school literacy in line with your school's priorities. Creativity is key! Be we ll prepared. It'll always take longer than you think. Never show fear! I have found observing, associating and learning from teachers (and sometimes their mistakes! ) has been the key element in the growth of my own understanding of teaching.It's an ongoing learning process! Ask for help/ advice/ support from sympathetic teaching colleagues &/ or Staff Development Coordinator. Starting in a new school – ask to shadow a form for a day & ask to follow up with occasional lesson observations of teachers with different teaching styles (& different year groups). Planning and preparation are key. Ensure you know what equipment you need before the lesson starts and that it works; arrange furniture in a way that you want it. Ensure that you know what outcomes you want from your lesson and how you are going to achieve them.Make sure that all pupils are involved. Don't just talk but make sure that each lesson has variety within it – questions and answers, worksheets etc. Ensure t hat you sum-up what you have covered at the end of the lesson. Make everything that you talk about relevant to the pupils. Teaching comes in a variety of formats and styles differ enormously among teachers. It is more difficult than we think and easier than teachers make us believe. Teaching is changing constantly. Listen to and learn from the children you teach. Teachers are learners themselves and good teachers know this.With their unique set of skills, most librarians would be very able to complete an equivalent to a PGCE. Be confident, assertive and fair. Be well prepared – plan effectively. Relax – pupils smell fear. Include variety in the lesson, don't talk for too long – pupil attention spans are limited. Liaise with teaching staff. be ahead of all requests – if possible. Be concise, but pertinent. patience! I was totally thrown in at the deep end in my first job as I was expected to teach with no training what-so-ever AND my teaching was OFSTED in spected that year (although I did point out to the inspector that I wasn't a teacher. Over the last 9 years I have taught myself by reading and watching other staff. I have written my own lesson plans and schemes of work. In my current role I am teaching a lot of IT and would like to train to be an IT teacher but can't afford to have the time off work to do the teaching practice. It would be nice to have some teaching qualification for school librarians taking this into consideration. Find an ally on the teaching staff and ask for help. Be prepared to ask for and accept guidance. Have a number of areas in the curriculum where you think teaching of research skills can be integrated and explain with a lesson plan.Have to be flexible. Teachers think on their feet! Need to have various ways of explaining- not all pupils learn in the same way. Use the same methods as teachers in your school: class line up outside, take register, require silence before speaking, students seated boy-girl. Adapt to how your school does these things. Vary methods – do not expect students to be able to sit still for a long time. Use music, get students to move around, use competition between groups of students, engage children with controlled use of ICT and encourage multi-media. Act like a member of teaching staff using school behaviour policy.Have high expectations of students in terms of their learning and behaviour. Get feedback from students and teachers and use this to improve your sessions for the next time. Learn from other librarians and share things that work. To teach something pupils actually want to learn, or show them how useful it will be to know more about the topic. With regards to library skills it should be within a course that teaches information skills, as that is essential. Adapting material to individual needs. Also using a variety of methods, particularly ‘hands-on' or kinaesthetic activities.

Level of Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Level of Empowerment - Essay Example For such set of consumers, the pricing should be structured in such a way that does not limit them to purchase a bulky meal but offers them with options to purchase single units or deals that suit their appetites. Restaurant would have to be careful while pricing the single units and the deals because such consumers prefer low priced deals in accordance with their appetite. On the other extreme would be the consumers that crave for large quantity of food. For these consumers deals including buffets, all-you-can-eat deals and other deals which offer not only more quantity but also different options to be explored should be offered. There is a niche which lies in between these two extremes that are neither mild nor extensive food consumers, and therefore mediocre priced deals should be designed for them. It is best for the restaurant to have an ample array of food deals to be offered which are of great quality, because the larger the food and deals portfolio they have to offer the more customers will be attracted from all the segments. 2. In (b), what kinds of decision rights should be decentralized?   There are varieties of decisions that Karl would have to decentralize. Primarily, he would need to segregate the operations in different departments.

How to sustain acceptable employment levels Essay

How to sustain acceptable employment levels - Essay Example So hereby, we see that country's unemployment status has an inverse relationship with the economic growth. The economic growth of a country is governed by inflation in the economy, which in turn is governed by the money supply in the economy. NSSO defines Unemployment as a situation in which all those who, owing to lack of work are not working but either seeks work through employment exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives or making appeals to prospective employers or express their willingness under prevailing conditions of work and remunerations. (NCERT pg 131) If we consider Milton Friedman monetarist arguments, we see that the money supply is the chief determinant of economic activities, the increase or decrease of money supply in the economy cause changes in the general price level of the economy. An imbalance in the demand and supply of money can disturb the whole economic pricing of the country. The monetary authorities should always focus on maintaining the balances, which is not an easy task, and therefore most of the countries are facing the problems of unemployment. Therefore, the root cause of unemployment is money regulation in the economy. In this new era, with the dynamic development in science and technology, we see that the levels of unemployment are governed by the price and economic growth but at the same time, there is huge disparity in the rates of unemployment, if in one part of the population, the rates of unemployment are decreasing rapidly, the other part has to face the brunt by sitting idle when they are willing to work but circumstances don't allow them. The increasing developments creates jobs for those who are A1, A2, B1, B2 part of the socio economic chart but at the same time cuts the jobs for the other part. Alas!! The situation is so ironical. However, unemployment though always mordant for the individual may be proven beneficial for the economy, it helps to control inflation and economic recession. However, the concept not only provides a safety net for people, who lose their jobs, but also pumps money into local communities and eases the effects of lay-offs. Higher the unemployment, higher will be the job valued and person's urge to stick to one job would increase, ultimately lowering down the attrition rates of the organization. Therefore, unemployment in the economy is a necessary evil for the economy.

Adult Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adult Nursing - Essay Example This paper approves that the philosophy of the model states that the nursing care should be delivered using the nursing process. The patient under consideration in the area of focus for the purpose of ease in communication can be entitled as XYZ. The patient had 3 problems as related to physical and mental health. At the time of admission of the patient in the nurse one problem of a patient was identified. The nursing interventions were held in the area of identification and prescriptions on all care plans. It is crucial to understand here that though the care plan had a section for evaluation, it was not completed on the care plans studied. This essay makes a conclusion that the differences is between the practiced set of principles and the ones desirable for a quality service holds in the depth of its existence a suggestion that the nursing model used in the ward made no differences to the nursing care delivered. This is essentially so because attention to application of theory to the practical world was not made. From the procedure as followed in the hospital for the patient XYZ, we noticed that a written record of the patient ‘s problem was not made. Also, the current needs of the patient remained un-addressed. It was also noted that the medical reason for admission of the patient XYZ was recorded as the patient’s problem but the diagnosis reason for the same was not addressed. Thus, we conclude that the UK nurse is required to have in the boundaries of their knowledge a need to understand the concept of nursing diagnosis. This shall also enable the nurses to involve themselves actively and effectively in the validation of nursing diagnosis.

Tort and Regulatory Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort and Regulatory Risk - Essay Example That is, regardless of whether or not they are actually culpable of the violation in question, and regardless in this case whether the plaintiff even has a case. No organization wants to fight to maintain a reputation in the public arena, and as is commonly understood, the resolution of a lawsuit such as the one leveled by Kelly Bates can often take at least a decade to resolve. Torts and Risks are primarily associated with the non-compliance with the 'Clean Water Act' (1972). In Alumina's case, they have had a pretty solid practice of compliance following a problem in the past that they both corrected, and implemented policies and procedures to prevent such an incident re-occurring. Complying with the Clean Water Act can most adequately be understood in a basic legal positivistic framework, that is, one is either complying with the standards established by the Act or they are not. Prevention, Detection & Correction: A preventative approach is one that implements a Quality Assurance procedure of testing with a regularity that can anticipate any corrective measures that need to take place. One of the core strategies that the company in question can take, is to establish a new department that focus' primarily on environmental compliance. A quality assurance team can establish a set of protocols for testing and addressing any problems before they go so far as to negatively impact either the environment or the health of the community. Likewise, prevention is a matter of establishing a set of procedures representing the 'best practices' for that particular emission – are there technologies that can minimize or mitigate the emissions that are at levels that are either harmful or beyond the allowed limit. EPA: The EPA was established by Richard Nixon in 1970 [McMahon, 19] . Currently, it has an operating budget of over $ 10.4 Billion and the current director is Lisa Jackson [http://www.epa.gov ] . This agency of the government is the main or central overseeing body of all environmental regulations in the US.. The division within the agency that is particularly focused on compliance of environmental law and pollution standards is the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. It both establishes the regulations and in turn, enforces the compliance along with establishing the protocols and procedures for both – that is both the regulation and enforcement. It is also an agency which provides a significant body of research both on the environment, but also on the legal regulations and public policy pertaining to the environment. Torts & Risks: The main issue regarding tort and risk, is basic non-compliance. Any non-compliance opens up the corporation to litigation or lawsuits because of the basic problem of knowing endangerment. This is a legal issue that falls within the purview of conspiracy charges. Thus, any problems connecting the non-compliance with the regulations overseen and regulated by the EPA are facts that can be used against the organization. In turn, the problems with negligence in legal terms can be quite wide in scope, and of course, any situation of non-compliance lends itself to a lawsuit based on negligence and recklessness in regard to public safety. Prevention, Detection & Correction: As was noted above in relation to the Clean Water Act (1972), an environmental quality assurance

Marketing Management Consulting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Management Consulting Report - Essay Example Weird Products is a slimming pills company, which provides an opportunity where people can positively improve their lives. The company will deal in producing healthy food supplements, which help provide people loose weight the healthy way. The tablets have been tested and are safe with a number of through studies to back up the effectiveness and the benefits of the food supplements. Weird Product slimming pills use simple and natural products to develop the slimming and beauty pills and these ingredients are mainly from unroasted coffee, which have been studied to be very effective for slimming. The ingredients of the products have been carefully thought out and the potential harms of coffee due to high consumption have bee reduced. The amounts of caffeine that are contained within the pills are less than a quarter cup of coffee, hence ensuring that the product is free of harmful ingredients like cafestol and kahweol (which could in a number of ways be dangerous for the human body). Weird Products at present is available only in the UK. The company has just been developed and the launched in the United Kingdoms and has developed an e- Commerce website. This website caters to mostly Europe. The company at present has a number of different strategies that are being used in terms of marketing. However, the main source of marketing for the company is online and via the web. Since Weird Products has most of its business online mostly, hence this is the best mode of marketing for the company at present. However the business does also sell the products to pharmacies across Europe. The various sources that are currently being used for the company is mainly, e Mail marketing, pay per clicks, banner ads and link building, all these along with a strong emphasis on search engine optimization as well (Jobber, 2004). These are the main marketing media that are being used by the company. The current marketing of the company

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales Research Paper

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales - Research Paper Example Currently, the scales are available in three versions, they include WAIS-III, which measures adult intelligence, WISC-III, which measures intelligence in children, and WPPSI-R, which is designed for children aged between 4 and 6 ? years (IUPUI, 2010). There have been several revisions to improve the test ability of the scales and to include more population groups since Wechsler published the first scale in 1939. The purpose of WAIS-III is to measure adult intellectual ability. The scale is in its third edition, and is designed for individuals aged between 16 and 89 years (Pearson Assessments, 2011). The scale is administered in the form of visual, performance, and full tests for durations of between 60 and 90 minutes. The scale’s norms include IQ and index scores, which are all designed to test the individual’s intellectual ability in a comprehensive manner. The scale’s internal structure is composed of subtests that include tests on verbal comprehension, percept ual organization, working memory, processing speed and visual memory. The validity and reliability of WAIS-III are supported by correlations with previous editions of the intelligence scales and by clinical studies on adults with hearing impairments, retardation, and other forms of cognitive disabilities. The scale’s validity and reliability are also promoted by the availability of multiple tests administered to people with multiple intellectual abilities. WISC-III Also developed by David Wechsler, the purpose of the third edition children’s intelligence scale, (WISC-III), is to test for verbal and performance abilities among children aged between 7 and 16 years. It includes tests on information, coding, arithmetic, vocabulary, and comprehension (Kamphaus, 2005). Verbal abilities are tested through oral subtests while performance abilities are tested through nonverbal problems. Although all tests are timed, bonus points are awarded for faster work and older children ha ve to earn much higher points to rank with the appropriate age group. The test has several subtests grouped into the general areas of verbal and performance scales. Verbal scales are designed to measure language, memory skills, reasoning and general knowledge while performance scales are meant to measure problem-solving, spatial, and sequencing skills. Administration of the test is done by trained examiners to individual examinees and a complex test material is usually required. In scoring, the test scores are converted to standard scores and computed with a standard deviation of 3 and a mean score of 10. Scores in the subscales of verbal and performance areas are turned into IQ scores, and later summed to obtain the overall score. All scores obtained in the tests are normative with a standard deviation of 15 and a mean score of 100. The scores are then classified to indicate the individual’s class as follows: Beyond 130- gifted, 120-129- very high, 110-119- bright normal and 90-109- average (IUPUI, 2010). Individuals who score 85-89 are considered low average, 70-84 are classed as borderline mental functioning, and scores below 50 indicate cases of mild, moderate, or severe retardation. The multiple tests incorporated within the intelligence

ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) Service Desk Essay

ITIL (IT Infrastructure Library) Service Desk - Essay Example They have, thus, transformed from having an IT centric focus to business service focus (that is organizations now adopt service oriented approach to managing IT services rather than the technology oriented approach) and this fact has affected the business entirely. (Knapp, 2010, p. 14). Furthermore, organizations have started to value the service desk and work on its expansion as it has given great boost and support to their business services and increased customer satisfaction tremendously. Brief Introduction of ITIL and Service Desk ITIL is among the many standards that provide best practices and frameworks to business professionals and organizations on how to manage, optimize and improve the quality of their business services through the management of IT services. However; such attempts have been made previously before ITIL came into being. So what is the difference between ITIL and other concepts before it? ITIL differs from other concepts because it contains all of the Service M anagement best practices along with the best practices related to the management of IT services for the betterment of business functions. ... (Grande-Bretagne, 2004, p. 3). ITIL was first produced in 1980. At that time, it had ten books which were on two main topics: Service Support (which is a user oriented point of interface) and Service Delivery (which is a customer oriented point of interface) . Five of the books targeted the former topic and the other five targeted the latter. The ITIL guidelines progressed and version 3.0 was published in 2007 that consists of five books which include Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation and Service Improvement. All these five books discuss a total of twenty processes that can help to implement and manage IT services effectively. Also the functions that carry out these processes are discussed. In the Service Operation book, one of the functions discussed is the Service Desk function. The Service Desk function is a business function that involves all the ten processes that come under the Service Support and Service Delivery and thus it provides a sin gle point of contact from customers to the information technology. (Knapp, 2010, p. 129). Furthermore, all service requests, incident reporting, problems and changing of requests by customers/users of a business organization go through the service desk of the organization as it is the interface through which a user can connect to the IT Department of the organization. The service desk function in an organization binds the users with the service providers (IT department professionals) and through this function the service providers are able to perform the end users informed of service action and events that may affect their daily transactions and any other IT related issue. Hence, it becomes a single point of communication which helps in

Bed Bathing a Patient Essay Example for Free

Bed Bathing a Patient Essay Introduction In this assignment I will be exploring the legal, professional and ethical issues involved in bed bathing a patient/client in a hospital setting. I will be reflecting on a personal experience, experience during a seven week placement on a diabetic ward. I have decided to use a reflective cycle which is an adaptation from Gibbs (1988) model.This reflection has provided a systematic approach to my learning and to my nursing practice. Within this essay I intend to discuss approaches to assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating care. Heron (1977) refers to the process of reflecting as a conscious use of the self. Once one becomes consciously aware of their actions, it is easer to recognise the reason for doing them in the first instance. The first stage of this process is to acknowledge our actions by reflecting we reveal to our selves how we act, such actions are spontaneous and without forethought attention. To maintain my clients autonomy I am unable to disclose any client information, accordingly I have given my client the name Mrs Jones this is to protect and respect my clients confidentiality as stated by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. Gibbs model of reflection (1988)DescriptionDuring any clients admission stage an assessment on the clients skin care regime is made, this takes into account the clients personal preferences, the level of function the client may have to provide self-care and the amount of assistance required to promote optimal hygiene procedures in the form of bed baths, in respect of encouraging independence. The reason why we bed bath clients is to promote personal hygiene and to give them a sense of well-being it also maintain intact skin i.e. prevention of pressure sours. Bed bathing allows the caregivers to monitor changes in the clients skin condition. (Staff Nurse, during placement)It was approximately 07:45 Friday morning of mid June, three weeks into my placement. After handover I was given the task of bed bathing a female client. Mrs Jones, what I learned about Mrs Jones in handover was very brief. She was admitted to hospital as she was suffering shortness of breath, she had been suffering from Parkinsons disease for ten  years, she also had a catheter instituted, she had very little control of the lower half of her body, her right shoulder was dislocated and she was MRSA+. Mrs Jones took part in a trial drug many years ago this was to help her control her Parkinsons disease coming off the drug became impossible and as a result Mr Jones is reliant on this drug, this drug was referred to as apple morphine on the ward. The basic bed bathing equipment I required was one bath towel, one hand towel, several disposable swipes, clean bed linen, (2 x sheets) laundry bags, (in this case red bags as the client is MRSA+) a slide sheet, small yellow bag for clinical waste, pad and incontinence sheet, bowl of warm water and a set of pyjamas and or gown all provided by the hospital. The client had acquired her own personal toiletries before admission this consisted of a bar of soap, shower gel, talcum powder, perfume, two flannels, (one for the upper part of the torso and the other for the lower half) moisturiser, a comb, dentures pot, tooth brush and tooth past. In addition to this the client required saline solution, disposable wipes, new dressing cut to size and tape and a yellow clinical waste bag for the disposal of old dressings. Myself and Claire the Auxiliary Nurse who I was paired with to work alongside put on our protective disposable gloves and red aprons on after collection the supplies from the linen room. I greeted Mrs Jones and introduced myself and Claire. Morning Mrs Jones, how are you this morning? She replied Oh, hello, I could be better I continued my name is Sharon (as this was easier for people to pronounce, after consulting Sister) Im a student nurse and Im going to be looking after you today, and Im Claire, and Im also going to be looking after you today too. I continued can we help you to get ready for breakfast? Yes please, Replied Mrs Jones. Before we began we asked if Mrs Jones if she had any objections to either me or Claire giving her a bed bath, as she looked apprehensive, she replied that this would be fine. We also asked if she had any pain and how her night was, she stated that she was in pain quite a bit but that it was normal for her at this time in the morning. She also stated that her night was awful, as patients in the  next bay kept her awake most of the night. Myself and Claire consulted the staff nurse about Mrs Jones pain, the staff nurse spoke to Mrs Jones about her medication and said that it was not due until 8:30 and so we were asked to continue as long as the Mrs Jones was happy for us to do so. Mrs Jones replied if that was the case there was nothing she could do other than for me and Claire to continue. We explained the procedure to Mrs Jones and gain her consent she allowed us to obtain any necessary toiletries from her draws whilst I did this Claire prepared a bowl of warm water. I removed Mrs Joness personal belongings from the table and placed them in the draws for safe keeping. I wipe over the table with an alcohol wipe to sanitize the surface and place on there the necessary items we would need to give Mrs Jones a bed bath. We draw the curtains closed to maintain Mrs Joness privacy and dignity at all times. Before we began I asked Mrs Jones if she would like to use a bed pan before we continued any further. She informed us that it was probably too late and she felt she had already made a mess. We reassured her that everything was alright and we would help to get her cleaned up as quickly as possible. Mrs Jones apologised a number of time and started to get upset. We again tried to reassure her again and clam her down, we in forced the reason that we were there and that was to help her in any way to see that she is alright. She agreed with us and asked us to continue. We raised the bed to the appropriate height to avoid putting undue strain on our backs, whilst I did this Claire emptied Mr Jones Catheter and placed the bag on the bed. We decided to place a sliding sheet under the client to assist us in rolling the client. I took the liberty of explaining the procedure to Mr Jones as we carried out the task. I asked if it was possible for her to roll on her right side as I was aware the Mrs Jones right shoulder was dislocated, she insisted that this was fine as it had been seen by the doctors and nothing could be done about it and insisted that she had rolled on it sever times before. We assisted Mrs Jones in removing her night gown, we freed her left arm first then her over her head and then gently freeing her right arm avoiding injuring her arm any further, to maintain Mrs Jones dignity we placed a large bath towel over her covering her private  areas. I helped Mrs Jones to bend her left leg and asked her to hold on to the cot side with her lef t hand. I placed my right hand on the left side of Mrs Joness waist and my arm across her left leg to provide added support. I placed my left hand on her left upper back. Claire had prepared the slide sheet, clean linen sheet and an incontinence sheet to go under her. On the instruction ready steady (then the manoeuvre intended, in this case it was) roll, we all assisted in rolling. Claire placed one of her hands on Mrs Joness back to provide added support and prevent her from rolling back. Claire folded the old linen in to its self, to as far as it would go until it reached Mrs Jones. Claire placed the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and incontinence sheet already folded in preparation under the old linen sheet. On Claire say so we rolled Mrs Jones on to her back, Claire were rolling you over a slight bump now, ready steady roll. To roll Mrs Jones on to her other side me and Claire switched roles and this time Mrs Jones was holding on to right side of the cot side but with her left hand. I removed the old linen and placed it inside the red linen bags. I took the liberty of cleaning Mrs Jones with her permission. I used a damp disposable wipe which Clair handed over to me and wiped away from the genital area, I placed the soiled wipe on the soiled incontinence sheet I continued doing this until the are was clean, once this was clean I washed the area with soap and water. I folded the soiled incontinence sheet into its self and disposed of it in the yellow clinical waste bag. I took this opportunity to wash Mr Joness back, neck and the backs of her legs with soap and water, I then wash off the soap and dried. I straightened out the clean slide sheet, linen sheet and the incontinence sheet and then Mrs Jones lied on her back. After a few minute, I placed the hand towel over the clients chest and with her permission began to wash her face at the clients request I used water only on the face. I used separate wipes for each eye to prevent any cross contamination and a separate wipe for the rest of the face and then dried. Whilst I was doing this Claire began to wash Mrs Joness hands with soup and water after gaining permission to do so, Claire continued down the arms and rinsed off, whilst I dried the hands and arms Claire continued to wash the clients chest. Claire removed the dressing from around the tube of the catheter and disposed of it and her gloves in the clinical waste bag, she  then went to wash her hands. When Claire retuned she had a fresh pair of gloves on she began to cleanse the skin from the tube outwards and then dried the area, she decided not to reapply another dressing as she felt it was not required but did tape down the tube to Mrs Joness stomach to prevent it from dislodging. Claire carried on washing and rinsing Mrs Jones (Underarms, stomach, waste, genital area, (working outward to prevent infection) legs and feet) and I dried following Claire as she washed. The water that we used was kept clean at all times, as the used deposable wipes were not re-entered into the bowl. Whilst carrying out the bed bath myself and Claire assessed the Mrs Joness skin condition for any sours or broken skin. We applied talc to those areas Mrs Jones requested and then helped her to dress. We put the right arm in the nightgown first as this was her bad arm then subsequently her neck and left arm, there was no need to lower the nightgown much as this was a hospital nightgown with an open lower half, we then placed a linen sheet and blanket over her to keep her warm at Mrs Joness request. We raised the head of the bed to a seated position so that Mrs Jones was sitting upright. As I attended to Mrs Joness oral hygiene Claire combed Mr Jones hear to her particular style. I then started to tidy and clean the area and Claire began to document and update the care plan. Once I had cleaned and sanitised the table I replace Mrs Joness belonging on the table and placed the table close to her so everything she may need was of reach. FeelingsIn reflection to the incident at the time I felt as though everything went fine, but as I have had the opportunity to reflect on my experience in much more depth and detail I in writing this essay I felt as though I took the lead but only because I was given the opportunity to do so. Claire was fairly new to working as an Auxiliary Nurse and was somewhat inexperienced as this was the only ward she had worked on she had more knowledge of the ward setting and the type of conditions people are admitted with on the ward. I was quite confident in assisting in a bed bath of a client as I have worked in providing personal care to all type of client for a good few years now and believe that my experience as a Health Care Assistance helped me immensely. My uncertainty was of the clients abilities and reactions to what we were actually doing it, thats when I decided to talk to the client  and guild her through what we were doing. The thoughts in my head at the time were that the client may not have experience the type of bed bath that we were performing and may have not been something she was used to. I felt calm but a little apprehensive due to this but could find the words at the time to ask her if this was the way her carers would normally perform a bed bath. It is important to remain professional at all times and make sure the client didnt feel too uncomfortable. I remember feeling somewhat responsible for the client as I was looking after her. I believe I acted in the best interest of my client and have acted in such a manner set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I felt that it would have been better for the staff nurse on duty to explain to the client in much more depth, why it was not possible to administer the drugs at the time of the clients request rather than just to say its not the right time and the drug round starts at 8:30. Although my client had told me the truth about her dislocated shoulder had been seen by the doctors and that it was safe to manoeuvre on as long as it was comfortable it was my responsibility to seek professional advice because of my uncertainty at the time. If for any reason had this not have been the truth there may have been serious repercussions. I dont think I would have known what to do if her condition had worsened due to the manoeuvre. The steps forward build on the steps backwards or sideways. They are also the steps necessary for self-reflecting from this statement emphasised by Tschudin (1999) I able to understand that confidence in the self is quite an important quality to be have in order to acknowledge setbacks and mistakes, your should be able to learn from them and even see them as part of the overall picture. EvaluationI have grater knowledge of such issues that can arise if set guideline, policies and procedures are not followed. There are very few bad points that had taken place during this reflective experience. I believe it is important to involve the client in decision making which I failed to illustrate wherever possible this was when we redressed the client after bed bathing without involving the client and allowing the client to choose. We  all have a professional responsibility to provide care to all patients/clients to the highest possible standards of care that will not be compromised by infections standard set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. I acknowledged limitations set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct, in that my knowledge and experience of the drugs on the ward was very limited and therefore I acquired help from a qualified member of staff. You must behave in a way that upholds the reputation of the professions outlined by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct this was maintain throughout the whole experience as I never spoke over the client nor did I ignore the client I showed the client up most respect. I was able to build a level of trust with theMy experience of working as a Health Care Assistance for and agency has enabled me to perform better in such conditions. By planning and discussing with the care team during handover and then with the patient about what our intentions are, what we are going to do and why, I was able to identify and minimise risks to the client. Seeing the way in which others behave or make mistakes allowed me to reflect on the point of view of others and to learn form them help me build on my knowledge. AnalysisI chose this experience as it is a procedure that I am quite confident with performing. Thiroux (1995) created his own set of principles of ethics, which can be applied to any situation. 1) The value of life, 2) Goodness or rightness, 3) Justice or fairness, 4) truth telling or honesty and 5) individual freedom. Ethical acts are executed in every day life even if we acknowledge it or not, the way we greet colleagues and clients even in the way in which we say good morning. Tschudin (1999) p175. As a training professional we are accountable for our actions and therefore must be able to backup any decision making with evidence I could see from my  clients facial expressions that she was uncomfortable and was experiencing some sort of upset, during which in actual fact she was in a fair amount of pain. ConclusionI felt that the approach I took was in the right way and with the right intentions set out by the NMC Code of Professional Conduct. My reflective experience was very basic I felt and did not allow for much discussion, although a lot of the experience was preparation, planning and assessing which prevented the experience to go bad in anyway. I feel that as I am a first year nursing student I am very limited in what I can do and because of this little opportunity is given to me to experience other than what I have preformed as a Health Care Assistant. I felt that myself and the Auxiliary Nurse worked well together and were able to share the responsibility equally. Overall I found reflection on my experience interesting as it allowed me to look at legal, ethical and professional issues surrounding nursing practice. Action PlanIf a situation like this was to arise again I think I would like to try to take out more time to talk to the client about how they are feeling, at time I felt like I was prying too much as I felt like I was doing most of the talking. I also feel that it is important for me to work along side more experienced members of staff or qualified member of staff to be able to learn more whilst on my placements. Although I experienced in providing personal care to client I am not too familiar with ward setting. I do not think I have learnt an awful lot on the practical side of my experience but by reflecting on my experience in this assignment has allowed me to understand professional, legal and ethical issues of providing care and the dilemmas surrounding health care professionals. In the future I would not always go on the clients say so and seek professional advice and not just take the patient word. Bibliography Bartter. K, (2001) Ethical Issues in Advanced Nursing Practice. London: Reed Elsevier Plc GroupBurnard. P, Chapman. C, (2004) Professional  and Ethical Issues in Nursing. 3rd Edition. London: Elsevier LimitedGlasper. A, Grandis. S, Jackson. P, and Long. G, (2003) Foundation Studies for Nurses: using Enquiry Based Learning. New York: Palgrave MacmillamThe NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. Standards 07-04. London: Nursing Midwifery CouncilTschudin. V, (1999) Nurses Matter: Reclaiming Our Professional Identity. London:Macmillan

Common And Civil Law Legal Systems Law Essay

Common And Civil Law Legal Systems Law Essay In general, law is set of general rules, regulations and principles accepted in some community and to applicable only in its territory, which is written by legislative authority. There are a lot of functions of law in the society and business. Some of the roles of the law are to keep the peace, shaping the rules of conduct and moral standards, promoting social justice and individual freedom, facilitating planning and orderly change and also protecting the environment. Law has been developing through many centuries and always changing according to the communitys social life, traditions and moral principles. Nowadays there are as many legal systems as many number of countries in the world. However all countrys over the world developed and incorporated their own laws based on three main types of legal systems such as Civil law (Continental law), Common law and Religious (Islamic) law. All these three legal systems have their own features and histories which helps us to differentiate and learn easily. In this essay I am going to discuss two main legal systems Common and Civil Law Legal Systems and their criminal and civil procedures. Common Law Legal System Common Law Legal system is one of the most famous and widespreadly used system in the world.  [1]  En.wikipedia.org (2010) suggests that This system was originated from England in the Middle Ages and very common source of a lot of Western and Eastern countries such as United States of America (except Louisiana where English criminal law combined with French civil law), England, Ireland, Canada, Pakistan and Singapore which were colonized by British Empire. The main feature of the Common Law Legal System is that compare to other legal system the Judge is the main authority. . In this legal system the principles and rules of action based on decisions of courts made by judges and similar tribunals (similar cases) to decide future cases, rather than codified rules and legislations. Common law system these similar cases called as a precedent. The precedent which is might be applied to solve some problems is called as a binding precedent or mandatory precedent. Sometimes Judges in orde r to solve some cases uses not the exactly same precedents, but similar or precedents with some relevant information, such type of precedents called persuasive precedents. In some practical cases common law system is not ideal system to use, sometimes some controversial or more considerably complicated features may occur. Moreover, in Common law the decisions of the judge or court only compulsory within particular jurisdiction and some courts have more authority than others. The weight of court decisions also makes Common law different from Civil law system. By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions judge has more self-determination to interpret the given codification rather then predictability like common law system judges. Civil Law Legal System Civil (Continental) Law is a modern legal system originated by Roman law especially the system is derived from Code of Justinian, (during the Middle Ages the emperor Justinian played an important role on the development of the Civil Law System) as later developed by legal scholars later. This system is the most ancient and common legal system in the world. The main and unique feature of the Civil law is that it is collection of written and codified rules in the form of civil codes which are applied and interpreted by judges.  [2]   Criminal Procedures in Common and Civil Law Legal System Common Law and Civil Law Legal systems differ considerably in criminal procedure and civil procedures. Although some systems, including the Common legal system, let private individuals to bring a criminal prosecution against others, prosecutions are nearly always started by the state, in order to punish the defendant. However Civil law legal actions are started by private individuals, companies or organizations. The cases are usually in different courts, and juries are not commonly used in civil cases.  [3]   In both Common and Civil law systems the criminal procedures are significantly varies than in civil law systems. In criminal cases the government will be against the individuals the prosecutor will be on the sight of government and will protect the rights of the victims (society or government) and also in lower case actually the jury will be employed. In criminal procedures as a solution to the case Judge can decide the person who made crime to some sentence, such as fine, jail or time. In the next following sentences there is given how the criminal procedure will be taken in Common law legal systems according to the David Carnes: Prosecution Although a criminal defense lawyer is obligated to advocate the defendants interests, a prosecutor is obligated to seek justice even if it means refusing to charge or convict a defendant. Because of this, the decision of whether to prosecute rests solely with the prosecutor. Although most prosecutions are commenced in response to an arrest by the police of the filing of a criminal complaint by the police of a private citizen, a prosecutor has the authority to initiate prosecution unilaterally. Bail Bail is a sum of money that the defendant must pay to remain free between the bail hearing and the conclusion of the trial. The purpose of bail is to give the defendant a motive to show up at trial (in order to get the bail money back). Judges can set bail higher or lower depending on their estimate of how likely the defendant is to show up at trial. In many cases, bail is denied. Plea Bargaining A plea bargain is a written agreement in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge, in exchange for which the prosecutor will recommend to the judge that the original charges be dropped and that a previously agreed upon sentence be imposed. The judge does not have to accept the prosecutors recommendations. Prosecutors are willing to plea bargain when they face busy trial dockets, and when the available evidence raises doubts about whether the defendant will be eventually convicted. Trial Practice Trials in common law countries are adversarial, meaning that the prosecution and the defense initiate almost all action while judges are relatively passive, acting as referees. For example, if the prosecution attempts to admit evidence that should be excluded under the rules of evidence, the evidence will normally be admitted anyway unless the defense objects to its admission. In this case, a convicted defendant may appeal on the basis that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Although every criminal defendant is entitled to demand to be tried by a jury, if no demand for a jury trial is made then the judge will determine guilt or innocence. Sentencing Regardless of whether or not a jury is empanelled, the judge will determine the sentence (within statutorily defined ranges) if the defendant is convicted. The defendant is entitled to present evidence, such as good prior behavior or mitigating circumstances, that may convince the judge to imposed a lighter sentence.  [4]   Continental Legal Systems is the fundamental source of the Civil Procedure. It mainly refers to the civil law takes into account almost all the cases not related to criminal issues the laws almost all the cases which is not related to criminal issues such as business, estates, legal contracts, accidents and domestic issues and intended to protect individuals liberties and civil rights. Civil procedure refers only to the procedures, not the laws. In Civil procedure the role of lawyers are very important and it is specialized area of to practice them. However civil law and criminal law may overlap each other. In such cases the problem will be judged under both criminal and civil procedures. For instance, if the bus driver hits the people walking on the street and kills that person he can be tried in criminal court for killing the innocent people and the victims family members be able to give him to the court for the same case under the civil procedure. Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to state that law is very controversial and very complicated subject to learn. How deep you learn it you will discover more questions to answer. Sometimes you can discover such laws which can overlap each other.

Texas Involvment In Slavery Essay examples -- Slavery Essays

One of the most unique situations during the period of the Civil War in America was the involvement of the state of Texas in the Confederacy. Although it was once its own Republic separate from the United States of America through annexation, Texas was not entirely unique when it came to the institution of slavery. Just like in all other southern states, slavery, and the use of slave labor, was a major factor of the states agricultural economy. During the years around and through the Civil War, Texas became a home for many transient southerners in search of sanctuary from the almost enviable furthering of emancipation. Long before the war, Texas had been the stomping ground for runaway slaves enroute to Mexico and in search of freedom. The state of Texas was not only one of the new frontier territories toward the west but it became one of the final places in America were slavery was practiced. Because of its geography much of Texas remained untouched and unsettled. Many adventurous plantation owners felt it necessary to keep news of the war and emancipation from their slaves as much as a year after the end of the war.(Campbell 249) The topic I have chosen for my research to discuss the history of slavery in Texas during the years of the Civil War. How the institution was altered because of the Civil War and the process by which emancipation was handed to black -Texans is the focus of my report. I would like to uncover how and why slave labor was used to both protect the state, the Confederacy and the institution that held the future of the American Negro forever. Well before the beginning of the Civil War, Texas and some of its surrounding territories were property of Spain just like its southern neighbor, Mexico. Soon after realizing their particular suppression by Spain, Mexico fought for, and won its independence from its mother country. Mexico now had control of their country and the territory of Texas. As more Americans moved west and into Texas it became evident that there was going to be a continued clash between Mexico and the white frontiersmen who quickly flooded certain areas. The American government wanted to purchase this valuable land but eventually it was taken by American frontiersmen where it was declared its own realm. Fearful of the loss of power if allowed into the Union, Texas expressed in 1836 ... ...tely unchanged by wartime activates. Although thousands of slaves were impressed for wartime use only a few lost their lives while fortifying and working along the front lines of southern Texas. As for the vast majority of slaves who were not impressed they went along with their normal production during the Civil War as if freedom was the last thing they expected in the next few years. Some slaves in Texas did not even know about the war until it had been over for months, some revolted long before. As the armies of Texas argued over whether it should send its troops to other states to fight, the institution of slavery went full steam ahead. After the end of the war many blacks began to realize the hatred that faced them and how many whites in Texas would do anything in order to ensure that they(whites) would always be the ruling class. Opportunity did not come easy to blacks, but prejudice did. Almost until the very end of the Civil War, Texans seemed to be denying the fact that an end coming to their precious "right" to own and oppress their "inferior" and "heathen" God-given servants. Courtesy of chew (1995) University of Maryland

Muhammad Ali :: Cassius Clay

Muhammad Ali Also known as: Cassius Marcellus Clay, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., Cassius Clay (1942- ) Professional boxer Personal Information Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; name changed to Muhammad Ali, 1963; born January, 17, 1942, in Louisville, KY; son of Cassius (a piano player) and Odessa Clay (both deceased); first wife, Belinda; second wife, Aaisha; third wife, Veronica Porche; fourth (and current) wife, Yolanda Williams, married in 1986; children: nine (one with Yolanda). Religion: Muslim. Addresses: Home--P.O. Box 187, Berrien Springs, MI 59103. Career Former world heavyweight boxing champion. Began professional career, 1960; initially became heavyweight champ, 1964; stripped of title and boxing license over refusal to participate in the Vietnam War, 1966; retired from boxing, 1981. Appeared in film The Greatest, 1976, and television film Freedom Road. Awards Olympic Gold Medal in boxing, 1960; six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles; National Golden Gloves titles, 1959-60; World Heavyweight Championship, 1964-67, 1974-78, 1978-79; U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame, inductee, 1983; named the greatest heavyweight champion of all time, Ring Magazine, 1987; International Boxing Hall of Fame, inductee, 1990; Jim Thorpe Pro Sports Award, Lifetime Achievement, 1992; Muhammad Ali Museum, Louisville Galleria, opened 1995; Essence Award, 1997. Writings †¢ (With Richard Durham) The Greatest: My Own Story, Random House, 1975. Biographical Information Three-time world heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali, known for his lyrical charm and boasts as much as for his powerful fists, has moved far beyond the boxing ring in both influence and purpose. Ali won an Olympic gold medal and later tossed it into a river because he was disgusted by racism in America. As a young man he was recruited by Malcolm X to join the Nation of Islam. He refused to serve in Vietnam--a professional fighter willing to serve time in jail for his pacifist ideals. He has contributed to countless, diverse charities and causes. And his later years have found him interested in world politics as he has battled to keep Parkinson's disease at bay. Muhammad Ali was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., on January 17, 1942, and was raised in a clapboard house at 3302 Grand Avenue in middle-class Louisville, Kentucky. He began boxing at the age of 12. A white Louisville patrolman named Joe Martin, who had an early television show called "Tomorrow's Champions," started Ali working out in Louisville's Columbia Gym, but it was a black trainer named Fred Stoner who taught Ali the science of boxing. Stoner taught him to move with the grace of a dancer, and impressed upon him the subtle skills necessary to move beyond good and into the realm of great.

Tobacco :: Health, Diseases, Depression

Although there have been many studies regarding the negative health risks associated with tobacco, there have also been studies regarding its relation to obesity and depression (Leventhal et al., 2010). It discussed the relationships between tobacco use, obesity and depression by carrying out a population based survey of 41,654 adults (Leventhal et al., 2010). The data illustrated that tobacco use is very common in women with major depression and victims of obesity, in comparison with women who are non-smokers, but are still victims of major depression and obesity (Leventhal et al., 2010). The study will explain the effects on tobacco users. Depression is associated with the cause of obesity and vice-versa. Researchers have developed that the link between major depression and obesity is conditional upon a host of moderators which consists of gender, education, ethnicity, age, and genetics. The link between depression and obesity turned out to be common in females then males (Leventhal et al., 2010). Research by Leventhal et al. (2010) supports that major depression and obesity is associated with each other because depressed individuals engage in unhealthy eating behavior; an example of this would be binge eating or higher caloric intake (Leventhal et al., 2010). People who engage themselves in alternative behavior to cope with depressive symptoms may be less susceptible to the effects of depression and obesity. Leventhal et al. (2010) believes that tobacco is one such behavior because smoking is prevalent to people who are victims of depression. The relationship between major depression and obesity may be strong amongst nonsmokers because they are not using tobacco in order to modulate their depressive states. Leventhal et al. (2010) argued that concurrent tobacco use at any level of severity could diminish the major depression association. However, the alternative use of tobacco at any level of habitual degree could offset major obesity relations according to a substitute addiction framework (Leventhal et al., 2010). Within this experiment, certain groups were examined and they consisted of: two candidates of tobacco and included smoking status, and tobacco dependence that dealt with any tobacco used in the past year. They compared both results, and came up with a conclusion for their experiment. The participants for this experiment were respondents in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Most of the participants were civilian, non-institutionalized, and residents of the U.S from ages 18 or older. African Americans and Hispanics were oversampled and each group accounted for approximately 20%.

The Sexual Content in Angela Carter?S the Bloody Chamber

The Sexual Content in Angela Carter? s â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories, is a selection of fairytales which have been re-written by Angela Carter to place them in the modern day. Carter has taken seven fairytales whose â€Å"latent content† she says were â€Å"violently sexual†, (qtd by Robin Sheets, â€Å"Pornography Fairy Tales and Feminism† 642). The stories include a variation of classics fairytales such as â€Å"Bluebeard†, â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† and â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood† with sometimes more than one version of the same original tale, for example â€Å"Wolf-Alice† and â€Å"The Company of Wolves†. In re-writing these fairy tales Carter has given the new versions a specifically sexual content and focuses on the female protagonist, which as a result, has become the issue of much debate and criticism. In particular, the sometimes explicit sexual content of the stories has raised questions among some feminist writers regarding Carter? s stance on the issue of the role of women and pornography. Focusing mainly on the main story of the collection, â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†, this essay will aim to highlight Carter? s intentions for the sexual content of her stories. In doing so, whilst commenting from some critical essays regarding Carter? s stance on pornography, this essay will also address â€Å"Lovely Linda†, a review of Inside Linda Lovelace, by Linda Lovelace a porn actress, which was written by Angela Carter. In her essay, Robin Sheets compares â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† to another of Carter? s books The Sadiean Woman and the Ideology of Pornography. Sheets takes one of ten short stories in the collection and using only this story tries to define Carter as either one of â€Å"Sade? new Juliettes† or a â€Å"new Justine†, (qtd. by Sheets pp636-637). These titles, which make reference to characters from works by the Marquis de Sade, were created by Robin Morgan in her criticism of feminist activists who opposed or supported the antipornography movement, those who support pornography being the â€Å"new Juliettes† as they align themselves with sex based on domination, where the â€Å"new Justines† are said to always portray themselves of the victims of male brutality. Antipornography activists described pornography as a â€Å"cause of women? oppression†, (Sheets 637), and Sheets focuses on this in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† as a means to decide which flag Carter is flying. Like all fairy tales the original story of Bluebeard contained a moral. Sheets comments that although over time there have been variations made to the story in order to change the moral the one that has prevailed has been that which advises women against curiosity, (Sheets 643). Whilst comparing the Marquis of the story to the Marquis de Sade, Sheets links the sadistic acts of the Marquis in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† to that of de Sade. When one takes into consideration Carter? s review of Linda Lovelace? s book, Inside Linda Lovelace, when addressing the sexual content of â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†, it is easy to understand Carter? s opinion of pornography and as result her reasons for using it in her stories. At the start of the review Carter describes Lovelace? s fame as a result of the â€Å"demands of a society that uses libidinal gratification as a soporific in a time of potential social disruption†. From the outset of this review Carter? negativity towards â€Å"our Lady of Hard-Core Porn†, is evident, so what is different about Linda Lovelace and the content of her own works that attracts so much argument regarding its pornographic nature? In her review she goes on to remark that â€Å"libidinal gratification† is now unlimited but that this has changed as a result of society changing as in short that although we are sexually free now it is only because society says so, which means that if we have to wait for society? s permission we still are not free, (Angela Carter, Shaking a Leg 54). This oppression of women is one of the most commonly debated aspects of pornography. The debate develops into deciding what pornography is and what is erotica, the difference being (if one uses Gloria Steinem? s definition as example), that erotica is â€Å"mutually pleasurable, sexual expression between people who have enough power to be there by positive choice†, (qtd. by Sheets 637). Although Linda Lovelace claims sexual freedom and wants to be equal in bed, Carter makes sure to point out that the sexual acts that Lovelace boasts about being able to do with her mouth and her vagina she has learned from a man, Chuck, (Carter, Shaking a Leg 54). In turn when one compares this oppression to â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† one can see that indeed there are some obvious examples of masochism, one of which being when the narrator describes having sex as being â€Å"impaled†, (Angela Carter, Burning Your Boats, 121) by her husband. Indeed the whole story up until the point where she goes to the forbidden room is one of subjugation. When one takes into consideration the remarks that Carter makes in her article of Lovelace about society, it can be argued that the initial argument regarding the intentions of the sexual content in Carter? s works also stem from the boundaries which society sets. Where some only see the oppression of the protagonist, others look beyond this to see an alternative to the protagonist’s actions. As Merja Makinen points out in â€Å"Angela Carter? s The Bloody Chamber and the Decolonisation of the Feminine Sexuality†, there is an alternative argument to that of the narrator of â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†. Here, Makinen argues that to an extent the narrator does in fact consent to the â€Å"sado-masochistic transaction†, (Makinen 32). This can be seen in the narrator? brief descriptions of the desire that is lurking within her, â€Å"I was aghast to feel myself stirring†, (Carter, Burning Your Boats 119). Therefore, it can be argued that rather than being subjected to this act, the presence of consent transforms this into an act of erotica. This could be an example of which Makinen describes as Carter re-writing the old tales by playing with the earli er misogynistic version, (Makinen 24). As mentioned earlier Sheets attempts to brand Carter as a â€Å"new Juliette† or â€Å"new Justine†, but in the end her argument is inconclusive and cannot decide on one particular side of the fence for the writer. In comparison, Carter refers to Lovelace as someone who has been â€Å"sexually exploited by men†, (Carter, Shaking a Leg 55). Carter makes it blatantly clear in this article that she is against pornography, not because of the acts that take place but because of the oppression of women. She describes Lovelace as someone who lives in a world dictated by men, she has learned her technique from men and although it is a world of sex, the sex itself has been reduced to what Carter calls a â€Å"geometric intersection of parts†, (Carter, Shaking a Leg 56). Carter compares what Lovelace is doing to that of what takes place in a Brothel. She comments that â€Å"our society generally denies the prostitute both appreciation and the opportunity to exercise particular sexual virtuosity†, and ironically confirms that â€Å"Lovelace is no prostitute†, (Carter, Shaking a Leg 55). Carter portrays Lovelace as what this writer believes is what every anti-pornography activist has in mind when they are condemning pornography, â€Å"she is a shaven prisoner in a cage whose bars are composed of cocks†, (Carter, Shaking a Leg 56). From this review it is a wonder that there would be any debate as to whether or not the sexual content of Carter? s works support pornography, and it is clear that she uses sexual practice based on domination for other means, in her writing. The other stories in The Bloody Chamber approach a different aspect of female sexuality and desire and Makinen implies that it is necessary to read all the stories to understand the intentions of Carter. For example, the story of â€Å"The Lady of the House of Love† shows the inversion of the Bluebeard character. Who can mistake the gothic tropes used to portray the female vampire as a male. The teeth of the vampire which would penetrate the virgin boy, but yet there is still an element of desire for the vampire and in order to obtain that she must pay a price. Makinen argues that rather than being against or for pornography, Carter aims to portray a wider incorporation of female sexuality, and use â€Å"feminism to challenge sexist constructions†, (Makinen 25). This, it could be argued, is why the book starts with an obvious description of female oppression. At the same time however, one also has to keep in mind the variations to the original Bluebeard story that Carter has included. The mother who saves the day, the second husband who is gentle and kind and also the protagonist being the narrator herself, are what Sheets describes as Carter â€Å"writing against the interpretive tradition that emphasizes the wife? s sexual curiosity†, (Sheets 644). As we have seen in the review of Lovelace? s book, Angela Carter sees pornography as the oppression of women by men and that she does not look too highly upon this factor. When one takes this into consideration whilst reading her books, it can be seen then that although she uses material which can be argued to be that of a pornographic nature, she does so not as a means to approve of the oppression of women. Rather she uses this material to â€Å"critique phallocentrism† and as a means to demonstrate female sexuality and the representation of femininity, (Makinen p34). Bibliography Carter, Angela, â€Å"The Bloody Chamber†, Burning Your Boats, London: Chatto & Windus, 1995. Carter, Angela, â€Å"Lovely Linda†, Shaking a Leg, London: Chatto & Windus, 1997. Makinen, Merja, â€Å"Angela Carter? s The Bloody Chamber and the Decolonisation of Feminine Sexuality†, New Casebooks: Angela Carter, Ed. Alison Easton, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000, pp20-36. Sheets, Robin Ann, â€Å"Pornography, Fairy Tales, and Feminism: Angela Carter’s â€Å"TheBloody Chamber†Ã¢â‚¬ , Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 1, No. 4, (April,1997), pp 633- 657 08/04/2011

Lord of the Flies Notes by William Golding Essay

The Setting A deserted island which is describe as a tropical paradise, and with a scar, a lagoon and a beach. It was shown by the appearance that the island was presented as beautiful as the garden of Eden. On the other hand, evilness and danger were hindered and were shown through different sentence throughout the chapters. B.The Plot †¢Exposition (Conflicts, confrontation, chaos) In the middle of a war, a plane with a group of British schoolboys was shot down over a deserted island. Two boys, Ralph and Piggy, found a conch shell, and Piggy suggested that it could be used as a horn to call for the other boys. Once all the boys were there, they decided to elect a leader. They chose Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appointed Jack to be in charge of the choir boys who would be hunting for food. Ralph thinks that they must light a fire by using Piggy’s glasses so to attract the attention of passing ships, hoping that someone would see the fire and save them. The boys succeed in making a fire, but it burned down quickly because no one was watching the fire. Jack thinks that Ralph shouldn’t be the leader and Jack forms a new tribe. †¢Climax The boys thought that there was a beast in a cave on the island, and none of them dared to go in to find out who or what the beast actually was. Simon was brave, and he found out that the true identity of the beast was actually a dead parachutist. He planned to run down to the beach to tell the rest of the boys, but he ran into the middle of Jack’s tribe’s gathering and they thought that Simon was the beast. They ended up killing Simon. The next morning, Piggy realized that Jack’s tribe had stolen his glasses, so Ralph and Piggy went to find Jack’s tribe and ask for the glasses back. But they refused and Roger rolled a boulder down a mountain and killed Piggy. †¢Resolution Ralph knew that Jack’s tribe would be finding him, hunting him down. So Jack told his tribe to light the entire forest with fire to scare Ralph out of his hiding place. When Ralph saw the fire, he immediately ran towards the beach and fell down because he was tired. Ralph looked up and saw a British naval officer. Ralph cries in the end because of his loss. C.The Characters Ralph One of the main characters / main protagonist Elected leader He was responsible of the well-being of all the other boys in the story ï  µHe the one and only boy who could still remain civilized and rational at the end of the story Piggy The smart one/ the most intelligent one His glasses is the key to making the fire Made fun of because of his weight and outlook The outsider Was killed by the stone Jack Leader of choir boys / hunters Main antagonist Longs for total power He is rival to Ralph and eventually declares himself as the chief Simon Knows the true identity of the beast Was killed Oddball of the group Roger and Maurice The hangman of Jack’s tribe Roger’s Jack’s lieutenant who has a sadistic streak. Maurice was Roger’s henchman Kills Piggy Same and Eric / Samneric Twins Loyal Seemed to be the boys who† breathed together† and â€Å"grinned together† D.The Themes Civilization V.S. Slavery Ralph (Order) V.S. Jack (Wanting for power) Civilized, mannered, English boys V.S. Brutal, wild Loss of Innocence Boys were supposed to be innocent, but they were brutal Crowd Mentality Good and evil The conch group V.S the savages The boys V.S terrifying beast Attemps at rescue from a passing ship V.S imprisonment on the increasingly chaotic island E.Read the Introduction and answer the following questions: 1.How was the novel inspired by Coral Island? Both stories’ plots are about boys being stranded on a deserted island. In â€Å"Coral Island†, the author, R. M. Ballantyne, wrote his perspective of what British boys would do if they were stranded on an island. In the story, the three boys worked together. They built huts, hunted for food and explored the island. They were at first, primitive cast mates, but then evolved into civilized people. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† was inspired by the plot and idea of boys being stranded on an island, but William Golding wrote his own perspective of how he thought a group of civilized boys would react to being stranded on a deserted island. The difference is that in â€Å"Coral Island†, the boys became civilized people while in â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the civilized boys became â€Å"monsters†. 2.Briefly describe the three parts of the novel For the first part, it’s mainly the background of how the boys got stranded  on the island and the election of their leader – Ralph. Ralph thinks that they should start a fire to get the attention of passing ships in order to rescue them from the island. The second part is mainly about Jack forming a tribe against Ralph and them killing Simon because they thought that he was the beast. But actually, Simon knew that the beast was actually a dead soldier, but he was killed because Jack’s tribe thought that he was the beast. The third part is mainly about how Jack’s tribe stole Piggy’s glasses to start the fire and how Roger rolled a boulder down the mountain, killing Piggy. And about how Jack’s tribe tried to kill Ralph by setting fire to the entire forest, but Ralph was rescued by a British Naval officer. 3.Briefly comment on the style in which the novel is written The author wrote the story in a very straight forward style. There weren’t too lengthy descriptions. The characters and objects in the story have symbolic meanings that show us the main theme of the story. This story is based on the author’s real – life experience with the cruelty and brutality of World War II.

Environmental pollution: its effects on life and its remedies Essay

The term pollution refers to the act of contaminating ones environment by introducing certain hazardous contaminants that disturb the ecosystem and directly or indirectly affect the living organisms of that ecosystem. Pollution in general is the activity of disturbing the natural system and balance of an environment. The increase in the pollution over the years by man has caused severe damage to the earth’s ecosystem. It is responsible for global warming which is leading to the end if all the lives on earth. Over the years there is an extreme increase in the rate of human diseases, and death rate of various animals and plants on earth, and that is all because of the pollution caused by man himself. AIR POLLUTION: According to the dictionary, air pollution is the contamination of air by smoke and harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. Some examples of air pollution include: Exhaust fumes from vehicles The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil or gas Harmful off-gasing from things such as paint, plastic production and so on Radiation spills or nuclear accidents Air pollution is linked to asthma, allergies and other respiratory illnesses. You can more about how the environment affects human health here. LAND POLLUTION Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth’s surface caused by a misuse of resources and improper disposal of waste. Some examples of land pollution include: Litter found on the side of the road Illegal dumping in natural habitats Oil spills that happen inland The use of pesticides and other farming chemicals Damage and debris caused from unsustainable mining and logging practices Radiation spills or nuclear accidents Land pollution is responsible for damage done to natural habitat of animals, deforestation and damage done to natural resources, and the general ugly-ing up of our communities. Light Pollution Light pollution is the brightening of the night sky inhibiting the visibility of stars and planets by the use of improper lighting of communities. Some examples of what causes light pollution: Street lamps that shine light in all directions, instead of with a hood to point light downward toward the street. Unnecessary lights, especially around the home Light pollution uses more energy (by shining more light up instead of down), may affect human health and our sleep cycles and most importantly, corrupts our kids telescopes and their curiosity. Noise Pollution Noise pollution is any loud sounds that are either harmful or annoying to humans and animals. Some examples of noise pollution: Airplanes, helicopters and motor vehicles Construction or demolition noise Human activities such as sporting events or concerts Noise pollution is disruptive to humans’ stress levels, may be harmful to unborn babies, and drives animals away, causing nervousness and decreasing their ability to hear prey or predators. Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution is the increase of temperature caused by human activity. Warmer lake water from nearby manufacturing (using cool water to cool the plant and then pump it back into the lake) Included in thermal pollution should also be the increase in temperatures in areas with lots of concrete or vehicles, generally in cities These kinds of environmental pollution can cause aquatic life to suffer or die due to the increased temperature, can cause discomfort to communities dealing with higher temperatures and can even affect plant-life in and around the area. Visual Pollution Visual pollution is what you would call anything unattractive or visualiing damaging to the nearby landscape. This tends to be a highly subjective topic, as we all find different things attractive and unattractive. Some examples of visual pollution: Skyscrapers might block the view of a mountain Graffiti or carving on trees, rocks or other natural landscapes Billboards, litter, abandoned homes and junkyards could also be considered among three kins of environmental pollution Mostly visual kinds of environmental pollution are annoying, although some may say they are also depressing (such as when they can’t see a view through a billboard). Water Pollution Water pollution is the contamination of any body of water (lakes, groundwater, oceans, etc). Some examples of water pollution: Raw sewage running into lake or streams Industrial waste spills contaminating groundwater Radiation spills or nuclear accidents Illegal dumping of substances, or items in bodies of water Biological contamination, such as bacteria growth These kinds of environmental pollution are linked to health issues in humans, animals and plant-life. You can read more about how the environment is affecting our health here.

Marketing principles for organizations

1. Marketing PhilosophyThe adoption of marketing is nearly as old as humanity itself.   Whenever there is a consumer demanding a product or service and a supplier willing to supply such good, marketing is adopted.   The marketing philosophy essentially entails the strategic organizational aim of determining needs and wants of selected markets and providing goods and services that satisfy such wants in a more efficient and effective way than competitors.   In the last decade several organizations started following such principle in order to endure in the market.For instance, McDonald’s Corporation applies a strong marketing orientation.   They are constantly keen on what the customer wants and change their products and services accordingly.   For example, McDonald’s adopted the philosophy of ‘QSC & V’ to attract and retain clients.   It stands for quality, service, cleanliness and value.   They guarantee that clients enter a spotless clean rest aurant and are served by friendly personnel.   Indeed employees are carefully thought the art of servicing clients in all regions across the world.Recently the aforementioned marketing concept has evolved to consider also the need of society.   The societal marketing philosophy, as it is commonly known, comprises that apart from determining the needs and wants of clientele in target markets and delivering goods and services that better than competitors, these goods and services are also provided in a way that sustain the society’s well-being.This is a challenging principle as one can note.   However, some meticulous organizations are already following it.   For example, when the tampered cyanide-laced capsules of Tylenol were marketed by Johnson & Johnson and ended up killing a number of persons, the company immediately collected back all the defective goods, even though the corporation supposed that the pills had been altered only in a few retail shops.   Although the collection expenses amounted to $240 million, the company managed to keep customers’ confidence and loyalty on the products offered, leading such good to remain a leading pain reliever in its market.1.1   Need for market researchAs one can note, to successfully adopt an effective marketing orientation, it is important that managers are fully aware of the customers needs and wants.   To further compound the issue, today’s markets are extremely dynamic and susceptible to change.   For example, car manufacturers are extremely keen on customer tastes in order to produce vehicles in line with such wants.   Therefore management is required to be constantly on the alert of what the client is demanding.   The effectiveness of marketing intelligence systems to obtain such information is weak. The need thus arose of obtaining information directly from the market through marketing research.The marketing research process consists of the following four steps: · Defi ning the problem and research objectives – market management and researchers define thoroughly the problem at hand and the research objectives that can aid in solving such issue. · Developing the research plan – the information needed is determined at this stage.   Researchers will then seek the secondary data already available and how the primary data can be obtained.  Ã‚   Primary market data can be achieved through a variety of marketing research mediums available, such as experimental research, observational research and more. · Implementing the research plan – once the methods of collecting information are set, the collection of such information commences in this stage together with the processing and analyzing of such information gathered. · Interpreting and Reporting the findings – the last but not least step is the interpretation of the date collected and presented jointly with valid conclusions.Marketing research is a very expensive bus iness operation, which sometimes may amount to millions of dollars.   However, the information derived is very valuable to the organization and can aid management in good decisions to be a market leader.   A typical example that comes to mind is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) venture in the Japanese market.Such market seems impenetrable by many American and European organizations.   The non-tariff barriers, the iron grip of the keiretsu kigyi (banking groups), and the committed Japanese workforce make it very complex for an outside firm to infiltrate their market.   KFC, yet, was capable to enter this market and is actually performing better than the United States Market.   As a matter of fact, in the 90s the 1,470 Asian outlets sales averaged 60% more than the United States average.Through vigilant marketing research the KFC management, comprehended that in large Asian cities there is an increasing absorption of young middle-class workforce with growing income who are e ager to pay further for American-style restaurants.   This exposed the viability of the project to KFC managers.   Market research also brought to KFC attention that the number of Asian women in the labour force is increasing considerably, who has a smaller amount of time for food preparation at home and consequently the need for fast-food restaurants in Asia is increasing.   With this information KFC management instantaneously recognised the strategic window of opportunity that is available and took appropriate action to operate fruitfully in that market.1.2   Marketing Mix ElementsThe marketing mix concept originated from Neil. H. Borden who suggests the utilization of the four main controllable variables of management to reach the marketing orientation approach.   The marketing mix elements are the following: · Product – there are three levels of products, which the organization should classify their products in, because customer attitude and response would be different under each category.   These are augmented, actual and core products.   In marketing, the product quality and features are not the only elements that form a good product.   Today’s fierce competition demands that managers also focus on the product design apart from the ones previously mentioned.   Nike, for example, employs 60 designers and issue 500 different footwear designs each year.   Attention should also be directed towards branding, product packaging and labeling.  Ã‚   These are important features to attain market leadership.Every product or service marketed passes through a life, commonly known as product life cycle.   These are product development stage, introduction, growth, maturity and decline.   The other marketing mix elements described below should be in line with the stage the product is in to ensure a proper market orientation. ·   Price – the price decision is also an important one.   Management can choose from three main categories, being cost based pricing methods, market pricing methods and competition based pricing methods.   The selection of the optimal price depends on internal and external variables.   Internal factors affecting pricing decisions are:   marketing objectives, marketing-mix strategies, costs and organizational considerations.   The external factors are:   market features and demand, competitors’ costs, prices and offers and other external factors like economic conditions. · Distribution – the distribution channels utilized should be effective in order to ensure that the product is delivered more effectively than competitors.   There are different number of distribution channels used, like direct-marketing channel in which no intermediary levels are adopted, vertical marketing system and horizontal marketing system.   Under the latter two intermediaries are used. · Promotion – the promotion mix is a very expensive but effective marketin g mix element.   It can for instance sustain a product brand.   Promotion is also important to inform clients about the product or services offered especially at the introductory stage of a product/service.   The mass-promotion tools available are advertising, sales promotion and public relations.   These should be designed and implemented carefully to maximize their effectiveness.   Likewise it is important that personal selling maintain the messages adopted in the promotion mix through the sales force behavior with clients.1.3   Final Thought – Benefits of MarketingEven though marketing seems elaborate it is very fruitful for a firm.   By understanding the customer we can reach the clients and sell our goods.   Client retention and market leadership can also be attained with the aid of marketing.   Failure to apply marketing to understand the client can be detrimental.   .   For instance, Disney made the fatal mistake of not separating European custome rs with American ones in the Euro Disney project.They originally designed a park similar to the American one, incorrectly neglecting the cultural differences that exist.   For example, they adopted a policy of serving no alcohol in the park.   This was extremely unpleasant to such culture because in France wine is habitual for lunch and dinner.   Thus the organization suffered $921 million losses in the first financial year, and had to rapidly change some aspects of the park in order to survive in the European market.References:Hartley R. (2000).   Management Mistakes & Successes.   Sixth Edition.   New York:   John Wiley & Sons Inc.Hume S (1990).   Advertising Age.   McDonald’s Fred Turner:   making all the right moves.Kotler P.; Armstrong G.; Saunders J.; Wong V. (1999).   Principles of Marketing.   Second Edition.   London:   Prentice Hall.